Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances among college students. Reasons for cannabis use endorsed by college students include sleep promotion, relaxation, improved concentration, and enhanced mood. Students with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may experience more sleep and mood difficulties compared to their peers which may further increase their risk for cannabis use. One study found that the prevalence of cannabis use was three times higher among those with ADHD to improve ADHD symptoms and problems related to sleep and mood. However, cannabis use can also increase one’s risk for negative consequences such as concentration difficulties and poorer academic performance which may be exacerbated among students with ADHD. This study examines the moderating effects of ADHD symptoms and sex assigned at birth on the relationship between protective behavioral strategies (PBS) use and cannabis-related consequences.
The study’s sample consisted of 384 college students from 12 universities throughout the United States who reported past-month cannabis use. Students completed a survey that assessed past-month cannabis use frequency, cannabis related problems, and cannabis PBS use. Participants also completed a checklist to assess for past-six month ADHD symptoms (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity). Data was analyzed using two generalized linear models to examine for interactions between ADHD symptoms, sex assigned at birth, PBS use, and cannabis use.
Results of the data analysis showed males reported greater cannabis use frequency and cannabis problems, while females reported greater PBS use. There were no sex differences observed for either ADHD symptom type (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity). The 3-way interaction between sex, PBS, and hyperactivity/impulsivity was statistically significant. Among those who reported high levels of hyperactivity/impulsivity, the relationship between PBS and cannabis use consequences was strongest. Additionally, this effect was more prominent for females. There were no interactive effects for ADHD inattentive symptoms identified.
Takeaway: ADHD hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms may impact cannabis protective behavioral strategies use and cannabis-related consequences among college students.