Cannabis use has significantly increased in recent years, particularly with the legalization of recreational use in many regions, expanding access to various forms beyond the traditional cannabis flower. As novel products such as concentrates and edibles have gained popularity, there is an increasing need to understand the usage patterns and methods of consumption associated with various cannabis products and to better inform the public and health professionals about the health outcomes of these products. The current study aims to synthesize current research on the three primary cannabis forms—cannabis flower, concentrates, and edibles—to enhance understanding of the prevalence, consumption methods, and cannabis use disorder (CUD) risks associated with each, ultimately informing health professionals and policy interventions.
The study systematically utilized the PubMed database to explore research on cannabis flower, concentrates, and edibles, focusing specifically on prevalence, methods of consumption, and associated risks of cannabis use disorder (CUD). Relevant studies were identified through targeted keyword combinations, screened based on titles and abstracts, and organized systematically. Additional studies were incorporated through reference lists and the “Cited By” feature to supplement the findings. Patterns related to prevalence, consumption methods, and CUD outcomes for each cannabis form were analyzed, with limitations in the literature also documented.
According to the research, cannabis flower remains the most widely used form, particularly among young adults, due to its accessibility and affordability. Consumption methods such as joints and bongs are closely linked to increased frequency of use and a heightened risk of cannabis use disorder (CUD), with this risk further amplified by the recent rise in THC potency. Additionally, when cannabis flower is combined with tobacco in the form of blunts, it poses additional health risks and contributes to increased tolerance. Concentrates with high THC levels have gained popularity among adolescents and frequent users, are associated with more severe CUD symptoms and mental health issues, underscoring the need for targeted harm reduction strategies. Edibles, preferred for their prolonged effects, may carry a relatively lower risk for CUD; however, delayed onset of effects can lead to the possibility of overconsumption. Furthermore, the concurrent use of flowers, concentrates, and edibles may increase the severity of CUD. These diverse consumption forms and their associated risks emphasize the necessity for comprehensive research to inform effective public health strategies and harm reduction measures.
Takeaway: The increasing diversity and accessibility of cannabis products underscore the need for comprehensive research on usage patterns, consumption methods, and CUD risks to guide effective public health strategies and harm reduction efforts.