Previous studies have shown that Black adults experience increases in substance use and declines in mental health during college. Black college students typically report less substance use than their peers, however, risky alcohol consumption is prevalent and increases risk for negative consequences. Substance use behaviors may be impacted by discrimination, racial identity, and mental health. Internalized racism has been linked to increased likelihood of being diagnosed with major depressive disorder, psychological distress, and alcohol use. Additionally, school belonging, feeling respected, included, and supported by the school social environment, may also impact mental health and substance use outcomes. This study examines the impact of depressive symptoms, racism experiences, and school belonging on patterns of substance use behaviors among Black college students.
The study’s sample consisted of 152 Black college students from a predominantly White public university in the southwestern United States. Baseline demographic information was collected including gender, age, and estimate of household income. Students completed a survey to assess depressive symptoms during the past week, participation in campus activities (student organizations, cultural organizations, spiritual organizations, campus work, and Greek organizations), and substance use behaviors (cigarettes, alcohol, getting drunk, and cannabis). Racism discrimination stress, internalized racism, and negative police encounters were also assessed. Data was analyzed using latent profile analysis.
Results of the data analysis revealed four patterns of substance use behaviors: 1) low substance use, 2) predominant alcohol use, 3) co-use, 4) high polysubstance use. The largest profile was “co-use” which was characterized by moderate combined use of alcohol and cannabis, followed by “predominant alcohol use, ” then “high polysubstance use,” and lastly “low substance use.” Compared to predominant alcohol users, high polysubstance users reported more depressive symptoms and participation in cultural and Greek organizations. Relative to predominant alcohol users, co-users were less likely to report a negative police encounter and participate in a spiritual organization but had a higher likelihood of joining a cultural organization.
Takeaway: Depressive symptoms, racism, and school belonging may impact patterns of substance use behaviors among Black college students.