Young adulthood is a time of great change and development, as adolescents transition to adulthood and acquire greater responsibilities. Studies have shown that use of substances, such as alcohol and cannabis, during this time period can impact functioning and can lead to substance use problems and mental health effects. Many studies have also looked at the impact of race/ethnicity on use of alcohol and cannabis and corresponding substance use related consequences. However, little research has been done on the racial/ethnic differences in functioning following alcohol and cannabis use. This study examines racial/ethnic disparities in functioning at similar levels of alcohol and cannabis use in young adults.
The study’s sample consisted of 2,945 young adults who were recruited during 6th and 7th grade and followed until the age of 18-22. Participants were assessed annually across 12 waves and completed a survey during each wave. The surveys asked participants to report demographic information including age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Alcohol and cannabis use was assessed by asking participants how many days in the past month they has used the substances. The surveys also addressed negative consequences related to alcohol and cannabis use, delinquency, physical and mental health, stress, peer relationships, life satisfaction, employment, and education. Data was analyzed using latent growth modeling to assess the frequency of alcohol and cannabis use over the period of the study within a structural equation modeling framework.
Results of the data analysis showed that Hispanic, Asian, and multi-racial young adults reported less frequent initial alcohol consumption compared to White young adults. Black, Hispanic, and Asian participants experienced a less steep increase in alcohol use frequency compared to White participants. Compared to White adolescents, Hispanic and Asian young adults reported less initial cannabis use and Black young adults reported more frequent initial cannabis use. A steeper rise in cannabis use frequency was observed for Hispanic participants. After controlling for alcohol and cannabis use, compared to White young adults, Hispanic participants reported worse physical health and were less likely to pursue higher education. Hispanic, Asian, and multi-racial participants reported more alcohol related consequences and delinquent behavior. Black, Hispanic, Asian, and multi-racial participants were more likely to report lower life satisfaction.
Takeaway: Race and ethnicity may contribute to functioning disparities at similar levels of alcohol and cannabis use in young adults.