The leading cause of death in the United States among across all genders and races is heart disease. The goal of this study is to examine the combined impact of cigarette smoking, e-cigarette use, and alcohol consumption on heart disease risk among college students aged (ages 18-24). The study uses a cross-sectional survey design to collect data from college students within the specified age range.
Participants’ usage patterns of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and alcohol were measured. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using self-reported health metrics, such as high blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and any incidences of heart disease symptoms. Regular cigarette smokers showed significantly higher cardiovascular risk compared to non-smokers, with increased rates of hypertension and elevated cholesterol. E-cigarette users exhibited a moderate increase in cardiovascular risk, though less than cigarette smokers. However, when combined with other substances, the risk increased substantially. Heavy alcohol use was associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, including higher blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
The study found that the combined use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and alcohol had a cumulative effect on heart disease risk, significantly amplifying cardiovascular health issues compared to the use of any single substance alone. The findings touched on the heightened cardiovascular risks associated with the use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and alcohol among college students. Overall, the study highlights the importance of integrated prevention strategies that address multiple forms of substance use to mitigate heart disease risk.
Takeaway: Addressing the additive effects of cigarette, e-cigarette, and alcohol use is crucial in developing effective public health interventions aimed at reducing heart disease risk among college students.